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荒漠化与气候变化预示着全球干旱区面积的扩大及沙尘天气风险的加剧。人类因此可能面临日益频繁的沙尘天气暴露及其所致不良健康效应的风险。沙尘天气分为4种类型：浮尘天气、扬沙天气、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴。近年来国内外流行病学的研究显示，沙尘天气特别是沙尘暴严重影响暴露人群心脑血管和呼吸系统的健康，其影响可分为急性效应、滞后效应和累积效应。沙尘天气的短期暴露可引起人群心脑血管和呼吸系统发病率和死亡率增加。沙尘天气长期暴露对居民健康的损伤具有累积效应，可引起全身多种系统多种疾病的患病率增加，甚至引起一种非职业性尘肺病——沙漠尘肺病发生（在老年男性人群患病率可达7.77%）。毒理学研究发现，沙尘颗粒物可引起实验动物多种器官氧化损伤、DNA损伤及人血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和微核率显著增加，且剂量-效应关系均很明确；沙尘颗粒还可引起肺泡巨噬细胞死亡、膜和多种酶活性改变，且均具有明确的剂量-效应关系。生物化学毒理学研究发现，沙尘颗粒物在引起呼吸器官损伤的同时，可诱发其分泌大量炎症因子、细胞因子、趋化因子等。这些因子不仅可驱动肺炎、气管炎发生，而且可进入血液循环，引起心脑血管疾病发生。比较毒理学研究发现，沙尘暴源头沙尘颗粒与远离沙尘源头的工业污染严重地区的空气颗粒相比，在上述多种毒理学终点的测试数据上，虽然略低于工业污染区的颗粒物，但差异并不显著，表明源头沙尘颗粒的毒性很大，即矿物粉尘本身固有的实质性毒性很大。总之，这些毒理学研究为解释沙尘天气导致呼吸和循环系统损伤或疾病恶化提供了关键的分子机制基础。此外，本综述还为沙尘天气流行病学调查和毒理学研究提出今后的方向，并为有效预防沙尘天气特别是沙尘暴危害健康提出全面可行的策略和措施。
Abstract：Desertification and climate change are driving the expansion of global arid lands, thereby increasing the frequency and intensity of sand and dust storms. Consequently, humans may face growing exposure to frequent sand and dust weather and its associated adverse health effects. Sand and dust weather is classified into four main types: dust haze, blowing sand, sandstorm, and severe sandstorm. Recent epidemiological studies both domestically and internationally have shown that sand-dust weather, particularly sandstorms, severely impacts the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory health of exposed populations. These effects can be categorized as acute, lagged, and cumulative.Short-term exposure to sand-dust weather is linked to increased daily morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure has cumulative damaging effects on residents' health, contributing to a higher prevalence of various systemic diseases and even the occurrence of a non-occupational pneumoconiosis, termed desert lung disease or desert pneumoconiosis, which has been reported with a prevalence of up to 7. 77% among elderly males in affected regions.Toxicological evidence provides mechanistic insights. Sand-dust particles induce dose-dependent oxidative stress and DNA damage in various organs of laboratory animals, and increased chromosomal aberration and micronucleus frequencies in human lymphocytes in vitro. Additionally, sand-dust particles can cause alveolar macrophage death, membrane damage, and alterations in various enzyme activities, also demonstrating welldefined dose-effect relationships.Biochemical toxicological research reveals that sand-dust particles not only cause respiratory organ damage but also trigger the robust secretion of inflammatory factors, cytokines, chemokines, etc. These mediators not only drive the occurrence of pneumonia and bronchitis but can also enter the bloodstream, contributing to the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Comparative toxicological studies indicate that although sand-dust particles from source regions show slightly lower toxicity in various toxicological endpoints compared to airborne particles from heavily industrialized areas, the difference is often not significant, suggesting that source sand-dust particles possess considerable toxicity and underscoring the substantial inherent toxicity of mineral dust itself.Collectively, these toxicological findings provide a critical molecular mechanistic basis for explaining how sand-dust weather and sand-dust particles lead to respiratory and circulatory system damage or disease exacerbation. Furthermore, this review also identifies future directions for epidemiological surveys and toxicological research on sand-dust weather. Finally, preventive measures against the health hazards of sand-dust weather, especially sandstorms, are suggested.
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(1)西汉史学家司马迁在《史记·项羽本纪》中有一段关于沙尘暴的记录：公元前205年，刘邦与项羽在彭城（今徐州）交战，刘邦被围困时，“大风从西北而起，折木发屋，扬沙石，窈冥昼晦”，这场突如其来的沙尘暴帮助刘邦趁机逃脱。
(1)可吸入颗粒物，通常是指悬浮在空气中、空气动力学当量直径不大于10微米的颗粒物，又称PM10，可以被人体吸入，大部分沉积在呼吸道，有一部分微粒更小的可以进入肺泡部位，从而引发呼吸道疾病及其他疾病。
(2)细颗粒物又称细粒、细颗粒、PM2. 5。细颗粒物指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于2. 5微米的颗粒物。它们粒径小、可直接进入肺部、沉积在肺泡、引发呼吸道疾病及其他疾病。研究表明，颗粒越小对人体健康的危害越大。
(1)发病率和患病率是流行病学中衡量疾病状况的两个核心指标，主要区别在于发病率反映新发病例的频率，而患病率反映现存病例的比例。具体地说，发病率指在一定时期内（如一年）特定人群中新发生某病的病例数占同期暴露人口数的比例；患病率指在特定时间点或时期内总人口中某病所有现存病例（包括新旧病例）数占同期观察人口数的比例。
(1)根据公开资料，美国环境保护署（EPA）在2006年前执行的环境空气颗粒物标准，主要依据的是《清洁空气法》授权下制定的国家环境空气质量标准（NAAQS）：可吸入颗粒物（PM10）标准为24小时平均限值为150μg/m3；PM2. 5标准：1997年EPA首次将PM2. 5纳入NAAQS，设定年均浓度限值为15μg/m3，24小时平均限值为65μg/m3。
基本信息:
中图分类号:X513;X503
引用信息:
[1]孟紫强.沙尘天气对健康的影响及其防护[J].新兴科学和技术趋势().
2026-04-17
2026-04-17
2026-04-17